codec-image.inc.pl

   1 use utf8;
   2 +{
   3 intro => 'Comparison of image encoding formats, based on <a href="https://cloudinary.com/blog/one_pixel_is_worth_three_thousand_words">Cloudinary</a> research.',
   4 codec => {
   5         jpeg => {
   6                 name => '<abbr title="Joint Photographic Experts Group">JPEG</abbr>',
   7                 available => 1992,
   8                 generation => 0,
   9         },
  10         gif => {
  11                 name => '<abbr title="Graphics Interchange Format">GIF</abbr>',
  12                 available => 1987,
  13                 generation => 0,
  14         },
  15         png => {
  16                 name => '<abbr title="Portable Network Graphics">PNG</abbr>',
  17                 available => 1996,
  18                 generation => 1,
  19         },
  20         jp2k => {
  21                 name => 'JPEG 2000',
  22                 available => 2000,
  23                 generation => 1,
  24         },
  25         webp => {
  26                 name => 'WebP',
  27                 available => 2010,
  28                 generation => 1,
  29         },
  30         heic => {
  31                 name => '<abbr title="High Efficiency Image Container (HEVC in HEIF)">HEIC</abbr>',
  32                 available => 2015,
  33                 generation => 2,
  34         },
  35         avif => {
  36                 name => '<abbr title="AV1 Image File Format">AVIF</abbr>',
  37                 available => 2019,
  38                 generation => 2,
  39         },
  40         jxl => {
  41                 name => 'JPEG XL',
  42                 available => 2021,
  43                 generation => 2,
  44         },
  45         pnm => {
  46                 name => '<abbr title="Portable aNyMap">PNM</abbr>',
  47                 available => 1988,
  48                 generation => 0,
  49         },
  50 },
  51 feature => {
  52         default => {
  53                 children => [qw( quality_photo quality_art speed limits features royalties overhead support web )],
  54         },
  55         quality_photo => {
  56                 name => 'compression (photo)',
  57                 score => {
  58                         jpeg => 3,
  59                         pnm  => 'n',
  60                         gif  => 1,
  61                         png  => 1,
  62                         jp2k => 4,
  63                         webp => 3,
  64                         heic => 5,
  65                         avif => 5,
  66                         jxl  => 5,
  67                 },
  68                 children => [qw( quality_photo_ll quality_photo_3 quality_photo_2 quality_photo_1 quality_thumbs )],
  69         },
  70         quality_thumbs => {
  71                 parent => 'quality_photo',
  72                 name => 'thumbnails',
  73                 score => {
  74                         jpeg => 1,
  75                         pnm  => 1,
  76                         gif  => 2,
  77                         png  => 3,
  78                         jp2k => 1,
  79                         webp => 2,
  80                         heic => 4,
  81                         avif => 4,
  82                         jxl  => 3,
  83                 },
  84         },
  85         quality_photo_1 => {
  86                 parent => 'quality_photo',
  87                 name => 'low fidelity',
  88                 score => {
  89                         jpeg => 2,
  90                         pnm  => 1,
  91                         gif  => 1,
  92                         png  => 1,
  93                         jp2k => 3,
  94                         webp => 4,
  95                         heic => 5,
  96                         avif => 5,
  97                         jxl  => 3,
  98                 },
  99         },
 100         quality_photo_2 => {
 101                 parent => 'quality_photo',
 102                 name => 'medium fidelity',
 103                 score => {
 104                         jpeg => 3,
 105                         pnm  => 1,
 106                         gif  => 1,
 107                         png  => 1,
 108                         jp2k => 4,
 109                         webp => 3,
 110                         heic => 4,
 111                         avif => 5,
 112                         jxl  => 5,
 113                 },
 114         },
 115         quality_photo_3 => {
 116                 parent => 'quality_photo',
 117                 name => 'high fidelity',
 118                 score => {
 119                         jpeg => 3,
 120                         pnm  => 1,
 121                         gif  => 1,
 122                         png  => 2,
 123                         jp2k => 4,
 124                         webp => 2,
 125                         heic => 3,
 126                         avif => 4,
 127                         jxl  => 5,
 128                 },
 129         },
 130         quality_photo_ll => {
 131                 parent => 'quality_photo',
 132                 name => 'lossless',
 133                 score => {
 134                         jpeg => 1,
 135                         pnm  => 1,
 136                         gif  => 1,
 137                         png  => 2,
 138                         jp2k => 4,
 139                         webp => 3,
 140                         heic => 3,
 141                         avif => 2,
 142                         jxl  => 5,
 143                 },
 144         },
 145         quality_art => {
 146                 name => 'compression (other images)',
 147                 score => {
 148                         jpeg => 2,
 149                         pnm  => 'n',
 150                         gif  => 1,
 151                         png  => 3,
 152                         jp2k => 2,
 153                         webp => 4,
 154                         heic => 3,
 155                         avif => 4.5,
 156                         jxl  => 5,
 157                 },
 158                 children => [qw( quality_art_2 quality_art_ll quality_art_mixed )],
 159         },
 160         quality_art_2 => {
 161                 name => 'lossy non-photographic',
 162                 score => {
 163                         jpeg => 2,
 164                         pnm  => 1,
 165                         gif  => 2,
 166                         png  => 3,
 167                         jp2k => 2,
 168                         webp => 4,
 169                         heic => 3,
 170                         avif => 5,
 171                         jxl  => 5,
 172                 },
 173         },
 174         quality_art_ll => {
 175                 name => 'lossless non-photographic',
 176                 score => {
 177                         jpeg => 1,
 178                         pnm  => 1,
 179                         gif  => 1,
 180                         png  => 4,
 181                         jp2k => 2,
 182                         webp => 5,
 183                         heic => 2,
 184                         avif => 3,
 185                         jxl  => 5,
 186                 },
 187         },
 188         quality_art_mixed => {
 189                 name => 'mixed photo/nonphoto',
 190                 score => {
 191                         jpeg => 2,
 192                         pnm  => 1,
 193                         gif  => 1,
 194                         png  => 2,
 195                         jp2k => 2,
 196                         webp => 3,
 197                         heic => 3,
 198                         avif => 5,
 199                         jxl  => 5,
 200                 },
 201         },
 202         speed => {
 203                 score => {
 204                         jpeg => 5,
 205                         pnm  => 5,
 206                         gif  => 4,
 207                         png  => 4,
 208                         jp2k => 3,
 209                         webp => 4,
 210                         heic => 3,
 211                         avif => 3,
 212                         jxl  => 5,
 213                 },
 214                 children => [qw( speed_encode speed_decode speed_parallel )],
 215         },
 216         speed_encode => {
 217                 parent => 'speed',
 218                 name => 'single-core encode',
 219                 score => {
 220                         jpeg => 5,
 221                         pnm  => 0,
 222                         gif  => 3, # palette conversion
 223                         png  => 3,
 224                         jp2k => 4,
 225                         webp => 4,
 226                         heic => 3,
 227                         avif => 2,
 228                         jxl  => 5,
 229                 },
 230         },
 231         speed_decode => {
 232                 parent => 'speed',
 233                 name => 'single-core decode',
 234                 score => {
 235                         jpeg => 5,
 236                         pnm  => 0,
 237                         gif  => 5,
 238                         png  => 5,
 239                         jp2k => 4,
 240                         webp => 5,
 241                         heic => 3,
 242                         avif => 3,
 243                         jxl  => 5,
 244                 },
 245         },
 246         speed_parallel => {
 247                 parent => 'speed',
 248                 name => 'pararellizable',
 249                 score => {
 250                         jpeg => 2,
 251                         pnm  => 0,
 252                         gif  => 2,
 253                         png  => 2,
 254                         jp2k => 4,
 255                         webp => 2,
 256                         heic => 4,
 257                         avif => 4,
 258                         jxl  => 5,
 259                 },
 260         },
 261         limits => {
 262                 score => {
 263                         jpeg => 3,
 264                         pnm  => 3,
 265                         gif  => 2,
 266                         png  => 4,
 267                         jp2k => 5,
 268                         webp => 2,
 269                         heic => 4,
 270                         avif => 4.5,
 271                         jxl  => 5,
 272                 },
 273                 children => [qw( max_dimensions max_bitdepth color_444 hdr max_channels  )],
 274         },
 275         max_dimensions => {
 276                 parent => 'limits',
 277                 name => 'maximum image dimensions',
 278                 score => {
 279                         jpeg => [3, '65k²'],   # 2**16
 280                         pnm  => [5,    '∞'],
 281                         gif  => [3, '65k²'],   # 2**16
 282                         png  => [4,  '2G²'],   # 2**31
 283                         jp2k => [4,  '4G²'],   # 2**32
 284                         webp => [1, '16k²'],   # 2**14
 285                         heic => [2,'8k×4k+', 'tilable, only 512×512 on Apple'], # 8193x4320
 286                         avif => [3, '65k²+', 'tilable, 7680×4320 with Advanced profile'], # 2**16
 287                         jxl  => [4,  '1G²'],   # 2**30
 288                 },
 289         },
 290         max_bitdepth => {
 291                 parent => 'limits',
 292                 name => 'precision (max. bit depth)',
 293                 score => {
 294                         jpeg => [2,  8],
 295                         pnm  => [2,  8, 'unofficial PFM extension for 32-bit'],
 296                         gif  => [1,  8, '256 colour palette per frame'],
 297                         png  => [4, 16],
 298                         jp2k => [5, 38],
 299                         webp => [2,  8],
 300                         heic => [3, 10], #TODO 16?
 301                         avif => [3, 12, '8, 10, 12 bit'],
 302                         jxl  => [5, 32, '24-bit integer or 32-bit float'],
 303                 },
 304         },
 305         color_444 => {
 306                 parent => 'limits',
 307                 name => 'chroma subsampling',
 308                 score => {
 309                         jpeg => ['y', undef, '4:2:0, 4:2:2, 4:4:4'],
 310                         pnm  => [4, '✘'],
 311                         gif  => [4, '✘'],
 312                         png  => [4, '✘'],
 313                         jp2k => 'y',
 314                         webp => [1, '4:2:0'],
 315                         heic => [1, '4:2:0'],
 316                         avif => ['y', undef, '4:2:0, 4:2:2, 4:4:4'],
 317                         jxl  => ['y', undef, 'for JPEG compatibility'],
 318                 },
 319         },
 320         hdr => {
 321                 parent => 'limits',
 322                 name => 'wide gamut/HDR',
 323                 score => {
 324                         jpeg => 'n',
 325                         pnm  => 'n',
 326                         gif  => 'n',
 327                         png  => 'y',
 328                         jp2k => 'y',
 329                         webp => 'n',
 330                         heic => 'y',
 331                         avif => 'y',
 332                         jxl  => 'y',
 333                 },
 334         },
 335         max_channels => {
 336                 parent => 'limits',
 337                 name => 'maximum number of channels',
 338                 score => {
 339                         jpeg => [3, 4, 'RGB or CMYK'],
 340                         pnm  => [3, 3, 'RGB'],
 341                         gif  => [3, 3, 'RGB palette'],
 342                         png  => [3, 4, 'RGBA'],
 343                         jp2k => [5, 2**15],
 344                         webp => [3, 4, 'RGBA'],
 345                         heic => [3, 3, 'RGB, separate alpha and depth'],
 346                         avif => [3, 3, 'RGB, separate alpha and depth'],
 347                         jxl  => [4, 4099, 'native XYB'],
 348                 },
 349         },
 350         features => {
 351                 score => {
 352                         jpeg => 2,
 353                         pnm  => [2, undef, 'great for simplicity and ASCII storage'],
 354                         gif  => 2,
 355                         png  => 3,
 356                         jp2k => 4,
 357                         webp => 2,
 358                         heic => 4,
 359                         avif => 4,
 360                         jxl  => 5,
 361                 },
 362                 children => [qw( animation progressive alpha depthmap overlays vector authoring reencode compat_jpeg )],
 363         },
 364         animation => {
 365                 parent => 'features',
 366                 name => 'supports animation',
 367                 score => {
 368                         jpeg => [2, 'MJPEG'],
 369                         pnm  => 'n',
 370                         gif  => 'y',
 371                         png  => [4, 'APNG', 'later backwards-compatible extension'],
 372                         jp2k => [2, 'MJP2'],
 373                         webp => 'y',
 374                         heic => 'y',
 375                         avif => 'y',
 376                         jxl  => 'y',
 377                 },
 378         },
 379         progressive => {
 380                 parent => 'features',
 381                 name => 'progressive decoding',
 382                 score => {
 383                         jpeg => 4,
 384                         pnm  => 'n',
 385                         gif  => 2,
 386                         png  => 2,
 387                         jp2k => 5,
 388                         webp => 'n',
 389                         heic => 'n',
 390                         avif => 'n',
 391                         jxl  => 5,
 392                 },
 393         },
 394         vector => {
 395                 parent => 'features',
 396                 name => 'vector drawing',
 397                 score => {
 398                         jpeg => 'n',
 399                         pnm => 'n',
 400                         gif => 'n',
 401                         png => 'n',
 402                         jp2k => 'n',
 403                         webp => 'n',
 404                         heic => 'n',
 405                         avif => 'n',
 406                         jxl => [2, undef, 'splines'],
 407                 },
 408         },
 409         alpha => {
 410                 parent => 'features',
 411                 name => 'alpha transparency',
 412                 score => {
 413                         jpeg => 'n',
 414                         pnm  => ['n', undef, 'PAM extension'],
 415                         gif  => [3, '1 bit'],
 416                         png  => 'y',
 417                         jp2k => 'y',
 418                         webp => 'y',
 419                         heic => 'y',
 420                         avif => 'y',
 421                         jxl  => 'y',
 422                 },
 423         },
 424         depthmap => {
 425                 parent => 'features',
 426                 name => 'depth map',
 427                 score => {
 428                         jpeg => 'n',
 429                         pnm  => 'n',
 430                         gif  => 'n',
 431                         png  => 'n',
 432                         jp2k => 'n',
 433                         webp => 'n',
 434                         heic => 'y',
 435                         avif => 'y',
 436                         jxl  => 'y',
 437                 },
 438         },
 439         overlays => {
 440                 parent => 'features',
 441                 name => 'overlays (layers)',
 442                 score => {
 443                         jpeg => 'n',
 444                         pnm  => 'n',
 445                         gif  => 'y',
 446                         png  => 'n',
 447                         jp2k => 'n',
 448                         webp => 'n',
 449                         heic => 'y',
 450                         avif => 'y',
 451                         jxl  => 'y',
 452                 },
 453         },
 454         authoring => {
 455                 parent => 'features',
 456                 name => 'authoring workflow suitability',
 457                 score => {
 458                         jpeg => 2,
 459                         pnm  => 2,
 460                         gif  => 2,
 461                         png  => 3,
 462                         jp2k => 3,
 463                         webp => 2,
 464                         heic => 2,
 465                         avif => 2,
 466                         jxl  => 5,
 467                 },
 468         },
 469         reencode => {
 470                 parent => 'features',
 471                 name => 'generation loss resilience',
 472                 score => {
 473                         jpeg => 4,
 474                         pnm  => 0,
 475                         png  => 0,
 476                         gif  => 0,
 477                         jp2k => 3,
 478                         webp => 2,
 479                         heic => 3,
 480                         avif => 3,
 481                         jxl  => 4,
 482                 },
 483         },
 484         compat_jpeg => {
 485                 parent => 'features',
 486                 name => 'lossless JPEG recompression',
 487                 score => {
 488                         jpeg => 0,
 489                         pnm  => 'n',
 490                         gif  => 'n',
 491                         png  => 'n',
 492                         jp2k => 'n',
 493                         webp => 'n',
 494                         heic => 'n',
 495                         avif => 'n',
 496                         jxl  => 'y',
 497                 },
 498         },
 499         royalties => {
 500                 name => 'royalty-free',
 501                 score => {
 502                         jpeg => 5,
 503                         pnm  => 5,
 504                         gif  => [5, undef, 'patented before 2003'],
 505                         png  => 5,
 506                         jp2k => [3, undef, 'ISO specification not freely available'],
 507                         webp => [4, undef, 'free format, low remaining risk of patent trolls'],
 508                         heic => ['n', undef, 'heavily patented'],
 509                         avif => [4, undef, 'free format, risk of patent trolls'],
 510                         jxl  => [4, undef, 'free format, risk of patent trolls'],
 511                 },
 512                 children => [],
 513         },
 514         web => {
 515                 name => 'browser support',
 516                 score => {
 517                         jpeg => [5, undef, 'ubiquitous since first inline images (1993)'],
 518                         pnm  => [1, undef, 'rarely by (unix) systems'],
 519                         xbm  => [2, undef, 'common before 200X'],
 520                         gif  => [5, undef, 'predates the web, but unrestricted since 2004'],
 521                         png  => [5, undef, 'problematic prior to IE7, currently ubiquitous'],
 522                         jp2k => [2, undef, 'just Safari'],
 523                         webp => [4, undef, 'widespread since 2020'],
 524                         heic => [1, undef, 'no browser support'],
 525                         avif => [3, undef, 'significant since 2021 (Safari 2023, no Edge yet)'],
 526                         jxl  => [2, undef, 'experimental, blocked by chrome'],
 527                 },
 528         },
 529         support => {
 530                 name => 'adoption',
 531                 score => {
 532                         jpeg => [5, undef, 'standard photography'],
 533                         pnm  => [2, undef, 'uncomplicated bitmap interchange'],
 534                         gif  => [4, undef, 'declining due to limitations'],
 535                         png  => [5, undef, 'standard illustrations'],
 536                         jp2k => [3, undef, 'limited beyond Apple'],
 537                         webp => [4, undef, 'mostly online'],
 538                         heic => [2, undef, 'stored by latest cameras, interchange unlikely'],
 539                         avif => [3, undef, 'upcoming'],
 540                         jxl  => [2, undef, 'ongoing'],
 541                 },
 542         },
 543         overhead => {
 544                 name => 'container overhead (file size)',
 545                 score => {
 546                         png  => [3,  67, 'upto 70 bytes for specific RGBA'],
 547                         jpeg => [2, 160, '159 bytes minimum for gray, 288 for specific colours'],
 548                         gif  => [4,  35, '43 bytes for transparent'],
 549                         webp => [4,  34, 'black or transparent lossless; 44-92 bytes lossy'],
 550                         bpg  => [4,  31, 'lossy 29-62 bytes, lossless 37-160'],
 551                         flif => [5,  14, 'black or transparent; 20 bytes for specific RGBA'],
 552                         pnm  => [5,   8, 'monochrome text PBM; 12 bytes PPM; 69 bytes PAM'],
 553                         jxl  => [5,  12, '512×256 black pixels'],
 554                         avif => [1, 282, 'container overhead; 457 bytes with alpha'],
 555                         jp2k => [2, 123, 'experimental results, likely not optimal'],
 556                         heic => [1, 386],
 557                 },
 558         },
 559 },
 560 }