codec-image.inc.pl

   1 use utf8;
   2 +{
   3 intro => 'Comparison of image encoding formats, based on <a href="https://cloudinary.com/blog/one_pixel_is_worth_three_thousand_words">Cloudinary</a> research.',
   4 keywords => [qw( image picture codec encoder encoding decode compression file format type mime )],
   5 codec => {
   6         jpeg => {
   7                 name => '<abbr title="Joint Photographic Experts Group">JPEG</abbr>',
   8                 available => 1992,
   9                 generation => 0,
  10         },
  11         gif => {
  12                 name => '<abbr title="Graphics Interchange Format">GIF</abbr>',
  13                 available => 1987,
  14                 generation => 0,
  15         },
  16         png => {
  17                 name => '<abbr title="Portable Network Graphics">PNG</abbr>',
  18                 available => 1996,
  19                 generation => 1,
  20         },
  21         jp2k => {
  22                 name => 'JPEG 2000',
  23                 available => 2000,
  24                 generation => 1,
  25         },
  26         webp => {
  27                 name => 'WebP',
  28                 available => 2010,
  29                 generation => 1,
  30         },
  31         heic => {
  32                 name => '<abbr title="High Efficiency Image Container (HEVC in HEIF)">HEIC</abbr>',
  33                 available => 2015,
  34                 generation => 2,
  35         },
  36         avif => {
  37                 name => '<abbr title="AV1 Image File Format">AVIF</abbr>',
  38                 available => 2019,
  39                 generation => 2,
  40         },
  41         jxl => {
  42                 name => 'JPEG XL',
  43                 available => 2021,
  44                 generation => 2,
  45         },
  46         pnm => {
  47                 name => '<abbr title="Portable aNyMap">PNM</abbr>',
  48                 available => 1988,
  49                 generation => 0,
  50         },
  51 },
  52 feature => {
  53         default => {
  54                 children => [qw( quality_photo quality_art speed limits features royalties overhead support web )],
  55         },
  56         quality_photo => {
  57                 name => 'compression (photo)',
  58                 score => {
  59                         jpeg => 3,
  60                         pnm  => 'n',
  61                         gif  => 1,
  62                         png  => 1,
  63                         jp2k => 4,
  64                         webp => 3,
  65                         heic => 5,
  66                         avif => 5,
  67                         jxl  => 5,
  68                 },
  69                 children => [qw( quality_photo_ll quality_photo_3 quality_photo_2 quality_photo_1 quality_thumbs )],
  70         },
  71         quality_thumbs => {
  72                 parent => 'quality_photo',
  73                 name => 'thumbnails',
  74                 score => {
  75                         jpeg => 1,
  76                         pnm  => 1,
  77                         gif  => 2,
  78                         png  => 3,
  79                         jp2k => 1,
  80                         webp => 2,
  81                         heic => 4,
  82                         avif => 4,
  83                         jxl  => 3,
  84                 },
  85         },
  86         quality_photo_1 => {
  87                 parent => 'quality_photo',
  88                 name => 'low fidelity',
  89                 score => {
  90                         jpeg => 2,
  91                         pnm  => 1,
  92                         gif  => 1,
  93                         png  => 1,
  94                         jp2k => 3,
  95                         webp => 4,
  96                         heic => 5,
  97                         avif => 5,
  98                         jxl  => 3,
  99                 },
 100         },
 101         quality_photo_2 => {
 102                 parent => 'quality_photo',
 103                 name => 'medium fidelity',
 104                 score => {
 105                         jpeg => 3,
 106                         pnm  => 1,
 107                         gif  => 1,
 108                         png  => 1,
 109                         jp2k => 4,
 110                         webp => 3,
 111                         heic => 4,
 112                         avif => 5,
 113                         jxl  => 5,
 114                 },
 115         },
 116         quality_photo_3 => {
 117                 parent => 'quality_photo',
 118                 name => 'high fidelity',
 119                 score => {
 120                         jpeg => 3,
 121                         pnm  => 1,
 122                         gif  => 1,
 123                         png  => 2,
 124                         jp2k => 4,
 125                         webp => 2,
 126                         heic => 3,
 127                         avif => 4,
 128                         jxl  => 5,
 129                 },
 130         },
 131         quality_photo_ll => {
 132                 parent => 'quality_photo',
 133                 name => 'lossless',
 134                 score => {
 135                         jpeg => 1,
 136                         pnm  => 1,
 137                         gif  => 1,
 138                         png  => 2,
 139                         jp2k => 4,
 140                         webp => 3,
 141                         heic => 3,
 142                         avif => 2,
 143                         jxl  => 5,
 144                 },
 145         },
 146         quality_art => {
 147                 name => 'compression (other images)',
 148                 score => {
 149                         jpeg => 2,
 150                         pnm  => 'n',
 151                         gif  => 1,
 152                         png  => 3,
 153                         jp2k => 2,
 154                         webp => 4,
 155                         heic => 3,
 156                         avif => 4.5,
 157                         jxl  => 5,
 158                 },
 159                 children => [qw( quality_art_2 quality_art_ll quality_art_mixed )],
 160         },
 161         quality_art_2 => {
 162                 name => 'lossy non-photographic',
 163                 score => {
 164                         jpeg => 2,
 165                         pnm  => 1,
 166                         gif  => 2,
 167                         png  => 3,
 168                         jp2k => 2,
 169                         webp => 4,
 170                         heic => 3,
 171                         avif => 5,
 172                         jxl  => 5,
 173                 },
 174         },
 175         quality_art_ll => {
 176                 name => 'lossless non-photographic',
 177                 score => {
 178                         jpeg => 1,
 179                         pnm  => 1,
 180                         gif  => 1,
 181                         png  => 4,
 182                         jp2k => 2,
 183                         webp => 5,
 184                         heic => 2,
 185                         avif => 3,
 186                         jxl  => 5,
 187                 },
 188         },
 189         quality_art_mixed => {
 190                 name => 'mixed photo/nonphoto',
 191                 score => {
 192                         jpeg => 2,
 193                         pnm  => 1,
 194                         gif  => 1,
 195                         png  => 2,
 196                         jp2k => 2,
 197                         webp => 3,
 198                         heic => 3,
 199                         avif => 5,
 200                         jxl  => 5,
 201                 },
 202         },
 203         speed => {
 204                 score => {
 205                         jpeg => 5,
 206                         pnm  => 5,
 207                         gif  => 4,
 208                         png  => 4,
 209                         jp2k => 3,
 210                         webp => 4,
 211                         heic => 3,
 212                         avif => 3,
 213                         jxl  => 5,
 214                 },
 215                 children => [qw( speed_encode speed_decode speed_parallel )],
 216         },
 217         speed_encode => {
 218                 parent => 'speed',
 219                 name => 'single-core encode',
 220                 score => {
 221                         jpeg => 5,
 222                         pnm  => 0,
 223                         gif  => 3, # palette conversion
 224                         png  => 3,
 225                         jp2k => 4,
 226                         webp => 4,
 227                         heic => 3,
 228                         avif => 2,
 229                         jxl  => 5,
 230                 },
 231         },
 232         speed_decode => {
 233                 parent => 'speed',
 234                 name => 'single-core decode',
 235                 score => {
 236                         jpeg => 5,
 237                         pnm  => 0,
 238                         gif  => 5,
 239                         png  => 5,
 240                         jp2k => 4,
 241                         webp => 5,
 242                         heic => 3,
 243                         avif => 3,
 244                         jxl  => 5,
 245                 },
 246         },
 247         speed_parallel => {
 248                 parent => 'speed',
 249                 name => 'pararellizable',
 250                 score => {
 251                         jpeg => 2,
 252                         pnm  => 0,
 253                         gif  => 2,
 254                         png  => 2,
 255                         jp2k => 4,
 256                         webp => 2,
 257                         heic => 4,
 258                         avif => 4,
 259                         jxl  => 5,
 260                 },
 261         },
 262         limits => {
 263                 score => {
 264                         jpeg => 3,
 265                         pnm  => 3,
 266                         gif  => 2,
 267                         png  => 4,
 268                         jp2k => 5,
 269                         webp => 2,
 270                         heic => 4,
 271                         avif => 4.5,
 272                         jxl  => 5,
 273                 },
 274                 children => [qw( max_dimensions max_bitdepth color_444 hdr max_channels  )],
 275         },
 276         max_dimensions => {
 277                 parent => 'limits',
 278                 name => 'maximum image dimensions',
 279                 score => {
 280                         jpeg => [3, '65k²'],   # 2**16
 281                         pnm  => [5,    '∞'],
 282                         gif  => [3, '65k²'],   # 2**16
 283                         png  => [4,  '2G²'],   # 2**31
 284                         jp2k => [4,  '4G²'],   # 2**32
 285                         webp => [1, '16k²'],   # 2**14
 286                         heic => [2,'8k×4k+', 'tilable, only 512×512 on Apple'], # 8193x4320
 287                         avif => [3, '65k²+', 'tilable, 7680×4320 with Advanced profile'], # 2**16
 288                         jxl  => [4,  '1G²'],   # 2**30
 289                 },
 290         },
 291         max_bitdepth => {
 292                 parent => 'limits',
 293                 name => 'precision (max. bit depth)',
 294                 score => {
 295                         jpeg => [2,  8],
 296                         pnm  => [2,  8, 'unofficial PFM extension for 32-bit'],
 297                         gif  => [1,  8, '256 colour palette per frame'],
 298                         png  => [4, 16],
 299                         jp2k => [5, 38],
 300                         webp => [2,  8],
 301                         heic => [3, 10], #TODO 16?
 302                         avif => [3, 12, '8, 10, 12 bit'],
 303                         jxl  => [5, 32, '24-bit integer or 32-bit float'],
 304                 },
 305         },
 306         color_444 => {
 307                 parent => 'limits',
 308                 name => 'chroma subsampling',
 309                 score => {
 310                         jpeg => ['y', undef, '4:2:0, 4:2:2, 4:4:4'],
 311                         pnm  => [4, '✘'],
 312                         gif  => [4, '✘'],
 313                         png  => [4, '✘'],
 314                         jp2k => 'y',
 315                         webp => [1, '4:2:0'],
 316                         heic => [1, '4:2:0'],
 317                         avif => ['y', undef, '4:2:0, 4:2:2, 4:4:4'],
 318                         jxl  => ['y', undef, 'for JPEG compatibility'],
 319                 },
 320         },
 321         hdr => {
 322                 parent => 'limits',
 323                 name => 'wide gamut/HDR',
 324                 score => {
 325                         jpeg => 'n',
 326                         pnm  => 'n',
 327                         gif  => 'n',
 328                         png  => 'y',
 329                         jp2k => 'y',
 330                         webp => 'n',
 331                         heic => 'y',
 332                         avif => 'y',
 333                         jxl  => 'y',
 334                 },
 335         },
 336         max_channels => {
 337                 parent => 'limits',
 338                 name => 'maximum number of channels',
 339                 score => {
 340                         jpeg => [3, 4, 'RGB or CMYK'],
 341                         pnm  => [3, 3, 'RGB'],
 342                         gif  => [3, 3, 'RGB palette'],
 343                         png  => [3, 4, 'RGBA'],
 344                         jp2k => [5, 2**15],
 345                         webp => [3, 4, 'RGBA'],
 346                         heic => [3, 3, 'RGB, separate alpha and depth'],
 347                         avif => [3, 3, 'RGB, separate alpha and depth'],
 348                         jxl  => [4, 4099, 'native XYB'],
 349                 },
 350         },
 351         features => {
 352                 score => {
 353                         jpeg => 2,
 354                         pnm  => [2, undef, 'great for simplicity and ASCII storage'],
 355                         gif  => 2,
 356                         png  => 3,
 357                         jp2k => 4,
 358                         webp => 2,
 359                         heic => 4,
 360                         avif => 4,
 361                         jxl  => 5,
 362                 },
 363                 children => [qw( animation progressive alpha depthmap overlays vector authoring reencode compat_jpeg )],
 364         },
 365         animation => {
 366                 parent => 'features',
 367                 name => 'supports animation',
 368                 score => {
 369                         jpeg => [2, 'MJPEG'],
 370                         pnm  => 'n',
 371                         gif  => 'y',
 372                         png  => [4, 'APNG', 'later backwards-compatible extension'],
 373                         jp2k => [2, 'MJP2'],
 374                         webp => 'y',
 375                         heic => 'y',
 376                         avif => 'y',
 377                         jxl  => 'y',
 378                 },
 379         },
 380         progressive => {
 381                 parent => 'features',
 382                 name => 'progressive decoding',
 383                 score => {
 384                         jpeg => 4,
 385                         pnm  => 'n',
 386                         gif  => 2,
 387                         png  => 2,
 388                         jp2k => 5,
 389                         webp => 'n',
 390                         heic => 'n',
 391                         avif => 'n',
 392                         jxl  => 5,
 393                 },
 394         },
 395         vector => {
 396                 parent => 'features',
 397                 name => 'vector drawing',
 398                 score => {
 399                         jpeg => 'n',
 400                         pnm => 'n',
 401                         gif => 'n',
 402                         png => 'n',
 403                         jp2k => 'n',
 404                         webp => 'n',
 405                         heic => 'n',
 406                         avif => 'n',
 407                         jxl => [2, undef, 'splines'],
 408                 },
 409         },
 410         alpha => {
 411                 parent => 'features',
 412                 name => 'alpha transparency',
 413                 score => {
 414                         jpeg => 'n',
 415                         pnm  => ['n', undef, 'PAM extension'],
 416                         gif  => [3, '1 bit'],
 417                         png  => 'y',
 418                         jp2k => 'y',
 419                         webp => 'y',
 420                         heic => 'y',
 421                         avif => 'y',
 422                         jxl  => 'y',
 423                 },
 424         },
 425         depthmap => {
 426                 parent => 'features',
 427                 name => 'depth map',
 428                 score => {
 429                         jpeg => 'n',
 430                         pnm  => 'n',
 431                         gif  => 'n',
 432                         png  => 'n',
 433                         jp2k => 'n',
 434                         webp => 'n',
 435                         heic => 'y',
 436                         avif => 'y',
 437                         jxl  => 'y',
 438                 },
 439         },
 440         overlays => {
 441                 parent => 'features',
 442                 name => 'overlays (layers)',
 443                 score => {
 444                         jpeg => 'n',
 445                         pnm  => 'n',
 446                         gif  => 'y',
 447                         png  => 'n',
 448                         jp2k => 'n',
 449                         webp => 'n',
 450                         heic => 'y',
 451                         avif => 'y',
 452                         jxl  => 'y',
 453                 },
 454         },
 455         authoring => {
 456                 parent => 'features',
 457                 name => 'authoring workflow suitability',
 458                 score => {
 459                         jpeg => 2,
 460                         pnm  => 2,
 461                         gif  => 2,
 462                         png  => 3,
 463                         jp2k => 3,
 464                         webp => 2,
 465                         heic => 2,
 466                         avif => 2,
 467                         jxl  => 5,
 468                 },
 469         },
 470         reencode => {
 471                 parent => 'features',
 472                 name => 'generation loss resilience',
 473                 score => {
 474                         jpeg => 4,
 475                         pnm  => 0,
 476                         png  => 0,
 477                         gif  => 0,
 478                         jp2k => 3,
 479                         webp => 2,
 480                         heic => 3,
 481                         avif => 3,
 482                         jxl  => 4,
 483                 },
 484         },
 485         compat_jpeg => {
 486                 parent => 'features',
 487                 name => 'lossless JPEG recompression',
 488                 score => {
 489                         jpeg => 0,
 490                         pnm  => 'n',
 491                         gif  => 'n',
 492                         png  => 'n',
 493                         jp2k => 'n',
 494                         webp => 'n',
 495                         heic => 'n',
 496                         avif => 'n',
 497                         jxl  => 'y',
 498                 },
 499         },
 500         royalties => {
 501                 name => 'royalty-free',
 502                 score => {
 503                         jpeg => 5,
 504                         pnm  => 5,
 505                         gif  => [5, undef, 'patented before 2003'],
 506                         png  => 5,
 507                         jp2k => [3, undef, 'ISO specification not freely available'],
 508                         webp => [4, undef, 'free format, low remaining risk of patent trolls'],
 509                         heic => ['n', undef, 'heavily patented'],
 510                         avif => [4, undef, 'free format, risk of patent trolls'],
 511                         jxl  => [4, undef, 'free format, risk of patent trolls'],
 512                 },
 513                 children => [],
 514         },
 515         web => {
 516                 name => 'browser support',
 517                 score => {
 518                         jpeg => [5, undef, 'ubiquitous since first inline images (1993)'],
 519                         pnm  => [1, undef, 'rarely by (unix) systems'],
 520                         xbm  => [2, undef, 'common before 200X'],
 521                         gif  => [5, undef, 'predates the web, but unrestricted since 2004'],
 522                         png  => [5, undef, 'problematic prior to IE7, currently ubiquitous'],
 523                         jp2k => [2, undef, 'just Safari'],
 524                         webp => [4, undef, 'widespread since 2020'],
 525                         heic => [1, undef, 'no browser support'],
 526                         avif => [3, undef, 'significant since 2021 (Safari 2023, no Edge yet)'],
 527                         jxl  => [2, undef, 'experimental, blocked by chrome'],
 528                 },
 529         },
 530         support => {
 531                 name => 'adoption',
 532                 score => {
 533                         jpeg => [5, undef, 'standard photography'],
 534                         pnm  => [2, undef, 'uncomplicated bitmap interchange'],
 535                         gif  => [4, undef, 'declining due to limitations'],
 536                         png  => [5, undef, 'standard illustrations'],
 537                         jp2k => [3, undef, 'limited beyond Apple'],
 538                         webp => [4, undef, 'mostly online'],
 539                         heic => [2, undef, 'stored by latest cameras, interchange unlikely'],
 540                         avif => [3, undef, 'upcoming'],
 541                         jxl  => [2, undef, 'ongoing'],
 542                 },
 543         },
 544         overhead => {
 545                 name => 'container overhead (file size)',
 546                 score => {
 547                         png  => [3,  67, 'upto 70 bytes for specific RGBA'],
 548                         jpeg => [2, 160, '159 bytes minimum for gray, 288 for specific colours'],
 549                         gif  => [4,  35, '43 bytes for transparent'],
 550                         webp => [4,  34, 'black or transparent lossless; 44-92 bytes lossy'],
 551                         bpg  => [4,  31, 'lossy 29-62 bytes, lossless 37-160'],
 552                         flif => [5,  14, 'black or transparent; 20 bytes for specific RGBA'],
 553                         pnm  => [5,   8, 'monochrome text PBM; 12 bytes PPM; 69 bytes PAM'],
 554                         jxl  => [5,  12, '512×256 black pixels'],
 555                         avif => [1, 282, 'container overhead; 457 bytes with alpha'],
 556                         jp2k => [2, 123, 'experimental results, likely not optimal'],
 557                         heic => [1, 386],
 558                 },
 559         },
 560 },
 561 }